Corresponds to the emergence of generalized performance changes that can be observed in other contexts and/or function independently outside the clinic context. An instrumental outcome may consist of the display of a target behavior in an applied context (e.g., client begins to correctly articulate the /s/ phoneme in initial position during conversations with his teacher) or represent a shift in cognitive, emotional or attitudinal stance (e.g., client may pause and reflect before responding to a difficult question). As such, an instrumental outcome may serve as the basis for the attainment of other functional outcomes and best monitored using generalization probes outside the clinic context.